The end of Mediterranean unity
The collapse of the Carolingian empire
The revival of the Empire
The renewal of Western civilization
The flowering of Medieval civilization
The temper of the twelfth century
The commonwealth of Christendom
The development of secular governments
New ideas and their expression in the twelfth century
The temper of the thirteenth century
the popes and the Hohenstaufen
The rise of the secular state
Economic, intellectual, and artistic achievements in the thirteenth century
The changing climate of opinion
The failure of the secular states
Premature spring in Italy
Fire under the Northern ashes.
